Best Wood for Framing the Outside of a House

Construction techique

A wooden-frame business firm under construction – in this example of platform framing the location of the upper flooring is readily discerned by the broad joists betwixt the floors, and the upper structure rests on this platform.

Framing, in construction, is the plumbing fixtures together of pieces to give a structure back up and shape.^[1] Framing materials are usually forest, engineered woods, or structural steel. The alternative to framed construction is generally called mass wall construction, where horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log building, masonry, rammed world, adobe, etc. are used without framing.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Building framing is divided into two broad categories,^[two] heavy-frame structure (heavy framing) if the vertical supports are few and heavy such as in timber framing, pole building framing, or steel framing; or calorie-free-frame construction (light-framing) if the supports are more numerous and smaller, such as balloon, platform, or light-steel framing. Light-frame construction using standardized dimensional lumber has become the ascendant structure method in Northward America and Australia due to the economic system of the method; use of minimal structural material allows builders to enclose a large area at minimal price while achieving a broad diverseness of architectural styles.

Modern light-frame structures usually gain strength from rigid panels (plywood and other plywood-like composites such as oriented strand board (OSB) used to grade all or office of wall sections), but until recently carpenters employed various forms of diagonal bracing to stabilize walls. Diagonal bracing remains a vital interior part of many roof systems, and in-wall current of air braces are required by edifice codes in many municipalities or by private state laws in the United States. Special framed shear walls are becoming more than common to help buildings meet the requirements of earthquake engineering and air current engineering.

History [edit]

Historically, people fitted naturally shaped wooden poles together as framework so began using joints to connect the timbers, a method today called traditional timber framing' or log framing. In the United States, timber framing was superseded by balloon framing get-go in the 1830s. Airship framing makes apply of many lightweight wall members called studs rather than fewer, heavier supports chosen posts; balloon framing components are nailed together rather than fitted using joinery. The studs in a balloon frame extend two stories from sill to plate. Platform framing superseded balloon framing and is the standard wooden framing method today. The name comes from each flooring level being framed every bit a separate unit of measurement or platform.

Framed structure was rarely used in Scandinavia before the 20th century because of the abundant availability of forest, an affluence of cheap labour, and the superiority of the thermal insulation of logs; hence timber framing did not take off there first for unheated buildings such as subcontract buildings, outbuildings and summer villas, and for houses until the development of wall insulation.^[3]

Elements of a balloon frame

Walls [edit]

Wall framing in firm construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of outside walls and interior partitions, both of bearing walls and non-bearing walls. These stick members, referred to as studs, wall plates and lintels (sometimes called headers), serve as a nailing base for all covering textile and back up the upper flooring platforms, which provide the lateral force along a wall. The platforms may be the boxed structure of a ceiling and roof, or the ceiling and floor joists of the story above.^[4] In the edifice trades, the technique is variously referred to every bit stick and frame, stick and platform, or stick and box, as the sticks (studs) requite the structure its vertical back up, and the box-shaped floor sections with joists contained inside length-long post and lintels (more than commonly called headers), back up the weight of any is above, including the next wall up and the roof above the pinnacle story. The platform also provides lateral support confronting air current and holds the stick walls true and foursquare. Whatever lower platform supports the weight of the platforms and walls above the level of its component headers and joists.

Framing lumber is subject to regulated standards that crave a form-postage stamp, and a moisture content not exceeding 19%.^[5]

In that location are three historically mutual methods of framing a business firm.

• Post and beam, which is at present used predominantly in barn construction.
• Balloon framing using a technique suspending floors from the walls was common until the late 1940s, but since that time, platform framing has become the predominant form of house construction.^[6]
• Platform framing often forms wall sections horizontally on the sub-floor prior to erection, easing positioning of studs and increasing accuracy while cutting the necessary manpower. The top and lesser plates are end-nailed to each stud with two nails at to the lowest degree 3.25 in (83 mm) in length (16d or xvi penny nails). Studs are at least doubled (creating posts) at openings, the jack stud beingness cut to receive the lintels(headers) that are placed and cease-nailed through the outer studs.^[6]

Wall sheathing, unremarkably a plywood or other laminate, is usually applied to the framing prior to erection, thus eliminating the need to scaffold, and again increasing speed and cutting manpower needs and expenses. Some types of exterior sheathing, such equally asphalt-impregnated fiberboard, plywood, oriented strand board and waferboard, volition provide adequate bracing to resist lateral loads and keep the wall square. (Construction codes in most jurisdictions crave a potent plywood sheathing.) Others, such as rigid glass-cobweb, asphalt-coated fiberboard, polystyrene or polyurethane board, volition not.^[4] In this latter case, the wall should exist reinforced with a diagonal wood or metallic bracing inset into the studs.^[7] In jurisdictions subject to strong wind storms (hurricane countries, tornado alleys) local codes or country police will generally require both the diagonal wind braces and the strong outside sheathing regardless of the type and kind of outer weather resistant coverings.

Corners [edit]

A multiple-stud post fabricated upwards of at to the lowest degree 3 studs, or the equivalent, is generally used at exterior corners and intersections to secure a good tie between adjoining walls, and to provide nailing support for interior finishes and exterior sheathing. Corners and intersections, nevertheless, must exist framed with at least ii studs.^[8]

Nailing support for the edges of the ceiling is required at the junction of the wall and ceiling where partitions run parallel to the ceiling joists. This material is commonly referred to as dead wood or backing.^[9]

Exterior wall studs [edit]

Wall framing in house structure includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions. These members, referred to equally studs, wall plates and lintels, serve every bit a nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floors, ceiling and roof.^[4]

Exterior wall studs are the vertical members to which the wall sheathing and cladding are fastened.^[10] They are supported on a bottom plate or foundation sill and in turn back up the top plate. Studs commonly consist of 1.five by 3.5 inches (38 mm × 89 mm) or 1.five in × 5.5 in (38 mm × 140 mm) lumber and are usually spaced at 16 in (410 mm) on center. This spacing may be changed to 12 or 24 in (300 or 610 mm) on center depending on the load and the limitations imposed by the type and thickness of the wall covering used. Wider ane.5 in × 5.5 in (38 mm × 140 mm) studs may be used to provide space for more than insulation. Insulation beyond that which tin can exist accommodated inside a 3.5 in (89 mm) stud space can also be provided past other ways, such as rigid or semi-rigid insulation or batts between ane.five in × 1.five in (38 mm × 38 mm) horizontal furring strips, or rigid or semi-rigid insulation sheathing to the exterior of the studs. The studs are attached to horizontal top and bottom wall plates of 1.5 in (38 mm) lumber that are the same width every bit the studs.^[5]

Interior partitions [edit]

Interior partitions supporting flooring, ceiling or roof loads are chosen loadbearing walls; others are called non-loadbearing or simply partitions. Interior loadbearing walls are framed in the same way as outside walls. Studs are usually i.five in × iii.v in (38 mm × 89 mm) lumber spaced at xvi in (410 mm) on center. This spacing may be changed to 12 or 24 in (300 or 610 mm) depending on the loads supported and the type and thickness of the wall finish used.^[eight]

Partitions can exist built with 1.v in × two.5 in (38 mm × 64 mm) or one.5 in × 3.5 in (38 mm × 89 mm) studs spaced at 16 or 24 in (410 or 610 mm) on center depending on the type and thickness of the wall finish used. Where a sectionalisation does non contain a swinging door, 1.5 in × 3.five in (38 mm × 89 mm) studs at 16 in (410 mm) on center are sometimes used with the wide face of the stud parallel to the wall. This is usually done just for partitions enclosing dress closets or cupboards to save space. Since there is no vertical load to be supported by partitions, single studs may be used at door openings. The tiptop of the opening may be bridged with a single piece of 1.v in (38 mm) lumber the same width as the studs. These members provide a nailing support for wall finish, door frames and trim.^[8]

[edit]

Lintels (or, headers) are the horizontal members placed over window, door and other openings to carry loads to the adjoining studs.^[4] Lintels are ordinarily constructed of 2 pieces of 2 in (nominal) (38 mm) lumber separated with spacers to the width of the studs and nailed together to form a single unit. Lintels are predominately nailed together without spacers to form a solid beam and let the remaining crenel to be filled with insulation from the inside. The preferable spacer cloth is rigid insulation.^[10] The depth of a lintel is determined past the width of the opening and vertical loads supported.

Wall sections [edit]

The complete wall sections are then raised and put in identify, temporary braces added and the bottom plates nailed through the subfloor to the floor framing members. The braces should have their larger dimension on the vertical and should permit aligning of the vertical position of the wall.^[7]

Once the assembled sections are plumbed, they are nailed together at the corners and intersections. A strip of polyethylene is often placed between the interior walls and the exterior wall, and above the first top plate of interior walls earlier the second superlative plate is practical to attain continuity of the air barrier when polyethylene is serving this function.^[7]

A second top plate, with joints offset at least one stud space away from the joints in the plate below, is and then added. This second top plate commonly laps the first plate at the corners and partition intersections and, when nailed in place, provides an additional tie to the framed walls. Where the 2d top plate does not lap the plate immediately underneath at corner and division intersections, these may be tied with 0.036 in (0.91 mm) galvanized steel plates at least 3 in (76 mm) wide and vi in (150 mm) long, nailed with at least three two.5 in (64 mm) nails to each wall.^[7]

Balloon framing [edit]

An unusual case of balloon framing: The Jim Kaney Circular Barn, Adeline, Illinois, U.S.A.

Airship framing is a method of woods structure – likewise known equally "Chicago construction" in the 19th century^[eleven] – used primarily in areas rich in softwood forests: Scandinavia, Canada, the United States up until the mid-1950s, and around Thetford Forest in Norfolk, England. The name comes from a French Missouri type of structure, maison en boulin,^[12] boulin being a French term for a horizontal scaffolding support.

Balloon framing uses long continuous framing members (studs) that run from the sill plate to the top plate, with intermediate floor structures permit into and nailed to them.^{[xiii] [14]} Here the heights of window sills, headers and next floor peak would be marked out on the studs with a story pole. Once pop when long lumber was plentiful, balloon framing has been largely replaced by platform framing.

Information technology is not certain who introduced airship framing in the The states. However, the get-go building using balloon framing was peradventure a warehouse constructed in 1832 in Chicago, Illinois, by George Washington Snowfall.^[15] Architectural critic Sigfried Giedion cited Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel's 1880s attribution, also every bit A. T. Andreas' 1885 History of Chicago, to credit Snowfall as 'inventor of the balloon frame method'.^[xvi] In 1833, Augustine Taylor (1796–1891) constructed St. Mary's Catholic Church building in Chicago using the balloon framing method.

In the 1830s, Hoosier Solon Robinson published articles well-nigh a revolutionary new framing arrangement, called "balloon framing" by later builders. Robinson'southward system called for standard 2x4 lumber, nailed together to form a sturdy, calorie-free skeleton. Builders were reluctant to adopt the new technology, however, by the 1880s, some form of 2x4 framing was standard.^[17]

Alternatively, a precursor to the balloon frame may have been used by the French in Missouri as much equally thirty-1 years before.^[12]

Although lumber was plentiful in 19th-century America, skilled labor was not. The advent of cheap car-fabricated nails, along with h2o-powered sawmills in the early on 19th century made balloon framing highly attractive, considering it did not require highly skilled carpenters, every bit did the dovetail joints, mortises and tenons required by post-and-beam construction. For the kickoff time, any farmer could build his own buildings without a time-consuming learning curve.^[18]

Information technology has been said that balloon framing populated the western United States and the western provinces of Canada. Without it, western boomtowns certainly could non have blossomed overnight.^[xix] Information technology is as well probable that, past radically reducing construction costs, airship framing improved the shelter options of poorer N Americans.^{[ citation needed ]} For example, many 19th-century New England working neighborhoods consist of balloon-synthetic three-story apartment buildings referred to as triple deckers. However, balloon framing did require very long studs and every bit alpine trees were wearied in the 1920s, platform framing became prevalent.^[20]

The principal difference between platform and balloon framing is at the flooring lines. The balloon wall studs extend from the sill of the start story all the manner to the top plate or end rafter of the second story. The platform-framed wall, on the other paw, is independent for each floor.^[21]

Materials [edit]

Light-frame materials are nearly oft wood or rectangular steel, tubes or C-channels. Woods pieces are typically connected with blast fasteners, nails, or screws; steel pieces are continued with pan-head framing screws, or nuts and bolts. Preferred species for linear structural members are softwoods such as spruce, pine and fir. Light frame fabric dimensions range from 38 past 89 mm (1.5 past 3.5 in); i.east., a Dimensional number two-by-four to 5 cm by xxx cm (two-by-twelve inches) at the cross-section, and lengths ranging from 2.five metres (8.2 ft) for walls to 7 metres (23 ft) or more for joists and rafters. Recently,^{[ when? ]} architects have begun experimenting with pre-cut modular aluminum framing to reduce on-site construction costs.

Wall panels built of studs are interrupted past sections that provide rough openings for doors and windows. Openings are typically spanned by a header or lintel that bears the weight of the construction in a higher place the opening. Headers are usually congenital to residual on trimmers, likewise called jacks. Areas around windows are defined by a sill beneath the window, and cripples, which are shorter studs that span the area from the bottom plate to the sill and sometimes from the top of the window to a header, or from a header to a top plate. Diagonal bracings fabricated of woods or steel provide shear (horizontal force) as do panels of sheeting nailed to studs, sills and headers.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Light-gauge metal stud framing

Wall sections usually include a bottom plate which is secured to the construction of a floor, and 1, or more than often 2 tiptop plates that tie walls together and provide a begetting for structures above the wall. Wood or steel floor frames unremarkably include a rim joist effectually the perimeter of a system of floor joists, and often include bridging fabric almost the center of a bridge to foreclose lateral buckling of the spanning members. In two-story structure, openings are left in the floor system for a stairwell, in which stair risers and treads are most oftentimes attached to squared faces cut into sloping stair stringers.^{[ citation needed ]}

Interior wall coverings in light-frame construction typically include wallboard, lath and plaster or decorative forest paneling.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Exterior finishes for walls and ceilings often include plywood or composite sheathing, brick or stone veneers, and various stucco finishes. Cavities between studs, usually placed twoscore–60 cm (16–24 in) apart, are usually filled with insulation materials, such as fiberglass batting, or cellulose filling sometimes made of recycled newsprint treated with boron additives for fire prevention and vermin command.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In natural edifice, straw bales, cob and adobe may be used for both outside and interior walls.

The office of a structural building that goes diagonally across a wall is called a T-bar. Information technology stops the walls from collapsing in gusty winds.^{[ citation needed ]}

Roofs [edit]

Main article: Roof

A roof being framed in the U.s. circa 1955

Roofs are usually built to provide a sloping surface intended to shed rain or snow, with slopes ranging from 1:15 (less than an inch per linear foot of horizontal span), to steep slopes of more than 2:1. A light-frame structure built mostly inside sloping walls which also serve equally a roof is chosen an A-frame.

In Northward America, roofs are often covered with shingles fabricated of asphalt, fiberglass and small gravel coating, but a wide range of materials are used.^[22] Molten tar is often used to waterproof flatter roofs, only newer materials include rubber and synthetic materials. Steel panels are popular roof coverings in some areas, preferred for their durability. Slate or tile roofs offering more than historic coverings for light-frame roofs.

Light-frame methods allow easy construction of unique roof designs; hip roofs, for case, slope toward walls on all sides and are joined at hip rafters that span from corners to a ridge. Valleys are formed when two sloping roof sections drain toward each other. Dormers are modest areas in which vertical walls interrupt a roof line, and which are topped off by slopes at commonly correct angles to a main roof department. Gables are formed when a length-wise section of sloping roof ends to form a triangular wall section. Clerestories are formed by an break along the slope of a roof where a short vertical wall connects it to another roof section. Flat roofs, which ordinarily include at least a nominal slope to shed water, are often surrounded by parapet walls with openings (called scuppers) to allow h2o to bleed out. Sloping crickets are built into roofs to direct water away from areas of poor drainage, such as behind a chimney at the lesser of a sloping section.

Structure [edit]

Light-frame buildings in areas with shallow or nonexistent frost depths are often erected on monolithic concrete-slab foundations that serve both equally a floor and every bit a support for the structure. Other light-frame buildings are built over a crawlspace or a basement, with forest or steel joists used to span betwixt foundation walls, unremarkably synthetic of poured physical or physical blocks.

Engineered components are commonly used to class flooring, ceiling and roof structures in place of solid wood. I-joists (closed-web trusses) are oft made from laminated woods, nearly often chipped poplar wood, in panels as thin as i cm (0.39 in), glued betwixt horizontally laminated members of less than four cm by four cm (two-by-twos), to span distances of equally much every bit ix m (thirty ft). Open up web trussed joists and rafters are often formed of 4 cm by nine cm (two-by-4) wood members to provide support for floors, roofing systems and ceiling finishes.

Platform framing was traditionally limited to four floors but some jurisdictions take modified their building codes to permit up to half dozen floors with added fire protection.^[23]

Encounter also [edit]

• Framer
• Low-cal timber construction schools
• Log edifice
• Steel frame
• Termite shield
• Tessellated roof
• Timber framing

References [edit]

1. ^ Oxford English Lexicon Second Edition on CD-ROM (five. four.0) © Oxford University Printing 2009. Frame, Framing, Framer, Framework, Frame-house.
2. ^ Townsend, Gilbert. Carpentry and joinery: a practical treatise on simple building structure, including framing, roof construction, general carpentry piece of work, and exterior and interior finish of buildings. Chicago: American Technical Society, 1913. Impress. 17.
3. ^ Harri Hautajärvi, "Houses in Finland", Helsinki: Rakennustieto, 2011.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} McKeever, D.B.; Phelps, R.B. (1994). "Forest products used in new single-family house construction: 1950 to 1992" (PDF). Forest Products Journal . Retrieved March 3, 2007.
5. ^ ^{a b} Kumaran, M.M.; Mukhopadhyaya, P.; Cornick, Due south.1000. (2003). "An Integrated Methodology to Develop Wet Management Strategies for Exterior Wall Systems" (PDF). 9th Briefing on Building Scientific discipline and Technology, Vancouver. Retrieved March three, 2007. ^{[ dead link ]} Alt URL
6. ^ ^{a b} APA. "Advanced Framing Construction Guide" (PDF). apawood.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on April eleven, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Anderson, LeRoy Oscar (1992). Forest – Frame House Structure. Books for Business organization. ISBN9780894991677.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Sherwood, One thousand.; Moody, R.C. "Light-Frame Wall and Flooring Systems" (PDF). The states Section of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
9. ^ Oide, Yard. (1977). "Joining and fixing structure for ceiling boards and paneling". US Patent 4,057,947. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
10. ^ ^{a b} Kosny, J.; Desjarlais, A.O. (1994). "Influence of Architectural Details on the Overall Thermal Performance of Residential Wall Systems". Journal of Building Physics . Retrieved March 3, 2007.
11. ^ James G. McPherson (June 16, 1988). Boxing Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Ballantine Books Usa. p. 17. ISBN978-0-xix-503863-vii.
12. ^ ^{a b} Cavanagh, Ted (1999). "Who Invented Your House?". Who invented your house (text but) | Ted Cavanagh - Academia.edu. American Heritage of Invention and Technology Mag. Retrieved Feb 23, 2016.
13. ^ Ching, Francis D. Chiliad. (1995). A Visual Lexicon of Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold Visitor. p. 267. ISBN0-442-02462-2.
14. ^ Holske, Louis R. (June 1921). "The Specification Desk – A Section for Specification Writers – What the Specification Writer Wants to Know". Pencil Points. Two (6): 228–229.
15. ^ Miller, Donald L. (1996). City of the Century – The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America . New York Urban center: Simon & Schuster. p. 84. ISBN0-684-83138-4.
16. ^ Gideon, Sigried (1952). "The Airship Frame and Industrialization". In Mumford, Lewis (ed.). Roots of gimmicky American compages: a serial of thirty-seven essays dating from the mid-nineteenth century to the nowadays. Reinhold. pp. 201–205.
17. ^ Indiana DNR, Division of Histo; ric Preservation and Archaeology. "Celebrated Building Research Handbook" (PDF) . Retrieved June 13, 2013.
18. ^ Robinson, Salon. "How to Build Balloon Frames". Transactions of the American Establish of the City of New York for the yr 1854 no. 144. Albany:C. Van Benthuysen, 1855. 405–408. https://books.google.com/books?id=MyU2AQAAIAAJ&pg accessed Jan ten, 2013
19. ^ Duncan, Hugh Dalziel (1989). Civilization and Democracy: The Struggle for Form in Society and Architecture in Chicago and the Middle Due west during the Life and Times of Louis H. Sullivan. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 554. ISBN0-88738-746-2.
20. ^ Wagner, Kate (Baronial 6, 2018). "The Case for Rooms". CityLab . Retrieved Baronial thirteen, 2018.
21. ^ Framing floors, walls, and ceilings. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2005. 118. ISBN 1561587583
22. ^ "Common Roofing Materials". Associated Roofing Contractors of the Bay Area Counties. arcbac.org.
23. ^ Lewington, Jennifer (December 1, 2014). "Six-storey wood buildings 'a game-changer'". The Earth and Postal service . Retrieved May two, 2016.

• Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (2005). Canadian Woods-Frame House Structure. ISBN 0-660-19535-vi.

External links [edit]

• Lienhard, John H. (1993). The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Episode 779. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston. "Balloon Frame Houses".
• Canadian Woods Council – wood-edifice design tools, case studies and references
• "Woods Handbook" – wood every bit an engineering material

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(construction)

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